On average IAHs showed higher concentrations 11021103g m3 in mixing extrusion painting crushing and grinding processes than those 814g m3 in vulcanization and gumming processes as well as warehouse
Moreover, IAHs concentrations were 1-1 times of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (VAHs; C6-C9 aromatics) in the emissions from mixing, extrusion, crushing and grinding processes. The average IAHs to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ratios also showed relatively higher values (0-0) in these processes, which were significantly higher than those of 01-03 observed in other industries, and even comparable to the IVOCs to VOCs ratio of 0 used for estimating solvent-related emission. The ozone and SOA formation potential values of IAHs were 1-2 times and 0-3 times those of VAHs, respectively, and were 0-1 times and 0-1 times those of total VOCs in emissions of mixing, extrusion, crushing, and grinding processes of the RP industry. The total emission of IAHs was estimated to be 115 Gg from the RP all industrial sectors. This study further suggests that the RP industry might be an important emission source of IAHs with substantially higher ozone and SOA declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this Selective Cleavage of Methylene Linkage in Kraft Lignin over Commercial Zeolite Lignin is an aromatic polymer that constitutes over 30 wt% of lignocellulosic biomass and is the most important source of renewable aromatics in nature. The global paper industry generates more than 70 million tons of Kraft lignin annually.
Depolymerization of Kraft lignin to value-added monomers can significantly enhance the profitability of biorefinery. However, the method is impeded by the severe condensation of Kraft lignin during the pulping process, which forms robust C-C bonds and results in low monomer yields. In this study, we present a stepwise approach for producing valuable aromatic monomers from Kraft lignin through the cleavage of both C-O and C-C bonds. The approach initiated with complete cleavage of C-O bonds between lignin units within Kraft lignin through alcoholysis in isopropanol, resulting in a monomer yield of 8 %. Subsequently, the selective cleavage of methylene linkages present in the residual dimers and oligomers was achieved with commercial MCM-41 zeolite in the same pot, proceeding with an additional monomer yield of 4 %, thereby increasing the total monomer yield by 45 %. This work provides an avenue for increasing the depolymerization efficiency of Kraft lignin.One-pot Syntheses of Benzo- and Benzofuran-fused Iridaoxabenzenes via CH Bond Activations of Alkyl-bridged Diphenol Derivatives.
University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan.University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan).One-pot syntheses of new π-extended metallaaromatic compounds have been developed by utilizing Ir-mediated CH bond activation of ethylene- or ethylidene-bridged diphenol derivatives. Depending on the bridging alkyl groups, two types of iridaoxabenzenes, both of which are doubly fused with benzo and benzofuran units, have been obtained. Studies on their structures and electronic characters indicate that both complexes have an aromatic character on the iridaoxacycles, and their π-conjugated systems are fully delocalized over the whole molecular skeletons. These novel metallaaromatic complexes exhibited some reactivities which are distinct from those reported for the non-fused The old 3-oxoadipate pathway revisited: new insights in the catabolism of aromatics in the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans.da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: Aspergilli play major roles in the natural turnover of elements, especially through the decomposition of plant litter, but the end catabolism of lignin aromatic hydrocarbons remains largely unresolved. The 3-oxoadipate pathway of their degradation combines the catechol and the protocatechuate branches, each using a set of specific genes. However, annotation for most of these genes is lacking or attributed to poorly- or un-characterised families. Aspergillus nidulans can utilise as sole carbon/energy source either benzoate or salicylate (upstream aromatic metabolites of the protocatechuate and the catechol branches, respectively). Using this cultivation strategy and combined analyses of comparative proteomics, gene mining, gene expression and characterisation of particular gene-replacement mutants, we precisely assigned most of the steps of the 3-oxoadipate pathway to specific genes in this fungus. Our findings disclose the genetically encoded potential of saprophytic Ascomycota fungi to utilise this pathway and provide means to untie associated regulatory networks, which are vital to heightening their ecological significance.
Seebio Photoinitiator on prey increases photosynthetic efficiency in the carnivorous sundew Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, BACKROUND AND AIMS: It has been suggested that the rate of net photosynthesis (AN) of carnivorous plants increases in response to prey capture and nutrient uptake; however, data confirming the benefit from carnivory in terms of increased AN are scarce and unclear.
